Tan Malaka: Nasionalisme Seorang Marxis
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Tan Malaka: Nasionalisme Seorang Marxis
Ignas Kleden - Sosiolog, Ketua Komunitas Indonesia untuk Demokrasi
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Ignas Kleden
Sosiolog, Ketua Komunitas Indonesia untuk Demokrasi
TAN Malaka meninggal pada usia 52 tahun. Setengah dari usia itu dilewatkannya di luar negeri: enam tahun belajar di Negeri Belanda dan 20 tahun mengembara dalam pelarian politik mengelilingi hampir separuh dunia. Pelarian politiknya dimulai di Amsterdam dan Rotterdam pada 1922, diteruskan ke Berlin, berlanjut ke Moskow, Kanton, Hong Kong, Manila, Shanghai, Amoy, dan beberapa desa di pedalaman Tiongkok, sebelum dia menyelundup ke Rangoon, Singapura, Penang, dan kembali ke Indonesia. Seluruhnya berlangsung antara 1922 dan 1942 dengan masa pelarian yang paling lama di Tiongkok.
Selama masa itu, dia menggunakan 13 alamat rahasia dan sekurangnya tujuh nama samaran. Di Manila dia dikenal sebagai Elias Fuentes dan Estahislau Rivera, sedangkan di Filipina Selatan dia menjadi Hasan Gozali. Di Shanghai dan Amoy dia adalah Ossario, wartawan Filipina. Ketika menyelundup ke Burma, dia mengubah namanya menjadi Oong Soong Lee, orang Cina kelahiran Hawaii. Di Singapura, ketika menjadi guru bahasa Inggris di sekolah menengah atas, dia bernama Tan Ho Seng. Setelah masuk kembali ke Indonesia, dia bekerja di pertambangan Bayah, Banten, dan menjadi Ilyas Hussein.
Pelarian dan penyamaran itu dimungkinkan, salah satunya, karena dia menguasai bahasa-bahasa setempat dengan baik. Ketika dia ditangkap di Manila pada Agustus 1927, koran Amerika, Manila Bulletin, menulis, ”Tan Malaka, seorang Bolsyewik Jawa, ditangkap. Dia berbicara bermacam-macam bahasa: Belanda, Inggris, Jerman, Prancis, Tagalog, Tionghoa, dan Melayu.” Dalam pelarian itu, bermacam-macam pekerjaan sudah dilakukannya.
Di Amsterdam dan Rotterdam dia berkampanye untuk partai komunis Belanda pada waktu diadakan pemilu legislatif dan ditempatkan pada urutan ketiga. Di Moskow dia menjadi pejabat Komintern dengan tugas mengawasi perkembangan partai komunis di negara-negara Selatan, yang mencakup Burma, Siam, Annam, Filipina, dan Indonesia. Di Kanton dia menerbitkan majalah berbahasa Inggris, The Dawn. Di Manila dia menjadi kontributor untuk koran El Debate. Di Amoy dia mendirikan Foreign Languages School yang mendapat banyak peminat dan memberinya cukup uang. Di Singapura dia menjadi guru bahasa Inggris di sekolah menengah atas walau tanpa ijazah.
Sebelum dibuang ke luar negeri, dia dipenjarakan tiga kali oleh pemerintah kolonial, di Bandung, Semarang, dan Jakarta. Dalam pelariannya ke luar negeri, dia dipenjarakan di Manila dan Hong Kong. Setelah kembali ke Indonesia, dia dimasukkan ke penjara oleh pemerintah Indonesia di Mojokerto (1946-1947).
Dia mengagumi secara khusus pejuang kemerdekaan Tiongkok, Dr Sun Yat-sen, yang di kalangan pengikut bawah tanah dipanggil Sun Man. Dia membaca buku San-Min-Chu-I dan berkesimpulan bahwa Dr Sun tidak sepaham dengan dia dalam teori dan metode. Menurut Tan Malaka, Dr Sun bukanlah seorang Marxis, melainkan sepenuh-penuhnya seorang nasionalis. Dalam metode, dia tidak berpikir dialektis, tapi logis. Namun kesanggupan analisisnya tinggi, kemampuan menulisnya baik sekali, dan dia seorang effective speaker. Kekuatan Dr Sun terdapat dalam dua hal lain, yaitu satunya kata dan tindakan serta tabah menghadapi kegagalan. Usahanya memerdekakan Tiongkok dari Kerajaan Manchu baru berhasil pada percobaan ke-17, setelah 16 kali gagal.
Dr Jose Rizal menjadi pahlawan Filipina dan pahlawan Tan Malaka karena ketenangannya menghadapi maut. Beberapa saat sebelum dia ditembak mati, seorang dokter Spanyol rekan seprofesinya meminta izin kepada komandan agar diperbolehkan memeriksa kondisi kesehatannya. Dengan tercengang si dokter melaporkan bahwa denyut pada pergelangan tangan Dr Rizal tetap pada ketukan normal, tanpa perubahan apa pun. Ini hanya mungkin terjadi pada seseorang yang sanggup menggabungkan keyakinan penuh pada perjuangan, ketabahan dalam menderita, dan keteguhan jiwa menghadapi maut. Di sini terlihat bahwa Tan Malaka bukanlah seorang Marxis fundamentalis, karena dia dapat menghargai Dr Sun Yat-sen, nasionalis pengkritik Marxisme, dan mengagumi Dr Rizal, seorang sinyo borjuis dengan berbagai bakat tapi menunjukkan sikap satria sebagai pejuang kemerdekaan.
Kritik Tan Malaka kepada Bung Karno tidaklah ada sangkut-pautnya dengan sikap Soekarno terhadap Madilog, tapi merupakan kritik yang wajar terhadap seseorang yang sangat dihormatinya. Dasar kritiknya adalah apa yang dilihatnya sebagai kebajikan Dr Sun Yat-sen, yaitu satunya kata dengan perbuatan. Menurut Tan Malaka, ketika memimpin PNI, Soekarno selalu mengajak penduduk Hindia Belanda yang berjumlah 70 juta jiwa itu untuk berjuang mencapai Indonesia merdeka dengan menggunakan tiga pegangan, yakni sosio-nasionalisme, sosio-demokrasi, dan aksi massa yang tak mengenal kompromi. Dia memberikan apresiasi tinggi bahwa Soekarno telah banyak menderita dan dibuang ke pengasingan karena gagasan-gagasan politiknya.
Maka dia kecewa melihat Soekarno berkolaborasi dengan Jepang selama pendudukan di Indonesia. Kekecewaan ini disebabkan oleh dua latar belakang. Pertama, Tan Malaka merasa dekat dengan Soekarno, yang menerapkan aksi massa dalam perjuangan politiknya hampir sepenuhnya menurut apa yang ditulisnya di Singapura pada 1926 dalam sebuah brosur tentang aksi massa. Kedua, dia sangat terpesona oleh perjuangan kemerdekaan Filipina dengan semboyan immediate, absolute and complete independence (kemerdekaan segera, tanpa syarat, dan penuh). Kekecewaan ini sedikit terobati ketika Soekarno-Hatta atas desakan pemuda revolusioner membuat proklamasi kemerdekaan Indonesia pada 17 Agustus 1945.
Salah satu karya Tan Malaka yang boleh dianggap sebagai opus magnum-nya adalah buku Madilog, yang ditulis selama delapan bulan dengan rata-rata tiga jam penulisan setiap hari di persembunyiannya dekat Cililitan. Buku itu menguraikan tiga soal yang menjadi pokok pemikirannya selama tahun-tahun pembuangan, dengan bahan-bahan studi yang dikumpulkan sedikit demi sedikit, tapi sebagian besar harus dibuang untuk menghindari pemeriksaan Jepang. Naskah buku ini praktis ditulis hanya berdasarkan ingatan setelah bacaan dihafal di luar kepala dengan teknik pons asinorum (jembatan keledai).
Ketiga soal itu adalah materialisme, dialektika, dan logika. Materialisme diperkenalkannya sebagai paham tentang materi sebagai dasar terakhir alam semesta. Logika dibutuhkan untuk menetapkan sifat-sifat materi berdasarkan prinsip identitas atau prinsip nonkontradiksi. Prinsip logika berbunyi: A tidak mungkin sama dengan yang bukan A. Atau dalam rumusan lain: a thing is not its opposite. Sebaliknya, dialektika menunjukkan peralihan dari satu identitas ke identitas lain. Air adalah air dan bukan uap. Tapi dialektika menunjukkan perubahan air menjadi uap setelah dipanaskan hingga 100 derajat Celsius.
Madilog adalah penerapan filsafat Marxisme-Leninisme. Tesis utama filsafat ini berbunyi: bukan ide yang menentukan keadaan masyarakat dan kedudukan seseorang dalam masyarakat, melainkan sebaliknya, keadaan masyarakatlah yang menentukan ide. Kalau kita mengamati hidup dan perjuangan Tan Malaka, jelas sekali bahwa sedari awal dia hidup untuk merevolusionerkan kaum Murba, agar menjadi kekuatan massa dalam merebut kemerdekaan politik. Dia bergabung dengan Komintern di Moskow dan Kanton karena setuju dengan tesis Komintern bahwa partai komunis di negara-negara jajahan harus mendukung gerakan nasionalis untuk menentang imperialisme.
Semenjak masa mudanya di Negeri Belanda, Tan Malaka sudah terpesona oleh Marxisme-Leninisme. Paham inilah yang menyebabkan dia dipenjarakan berkali-kali dan dibuang ke luar negeri. Ini berarti bukan penjara dan pembuangan itu yang menjadikan dia seorang Marxis, melainkan sikap dan pendiriannya yang Marxislah yang menyebabkan dia dipenjarakan dan dibuang. Selain itu, dia pertama-tama tidak berjuang untuk kemenangan partai komunis di seluruh dunia, tapi untuk kemerdekaan tanah airnya.
Dengan demikian, hidup Tan Malaka menjadi falsifikasi radikal terhadap gagasan Madilog yang dikembangkannya. Paradoksnya: dia seorang Marxis tulen dalam pemikiran, tapi nasionalis yang tuntas dalam semua tindakannya. Kita ingat kata-katanya kepada pemerintah Belanda sebelum dibuang: Storm ahead (ada topan menanti di depan). Don’t lose your head! Ini sebuah language game yang punya arti ganda: jangan kehilangan akal dan jangan kehilangan kepala. Tragisnya, dia yang tak pernah kehabisan akal di berbagai negara tempatnya melarikan diri akhirnya kehilangan kepala di tanah air yang amat dicintainya.
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